Bi-fuel NGVM engine emission results based on non-loaded system operation

Alternative fuels for the internal combustion engines are introduced as an improved fuel over mainstream conventional fuels such as petrol and diesel. Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) is the most successful and widely used alternative fuels that helps mitigate emission problem caused by vehicles. Mainstream fuelled vehicles are fitted with a conversion kit to enable the operation with CNG, these converted vehicles are called Natural Gas Vehicles. A bi-fuel engine test rig was fabricated using a 1500cc 12 Valve engine fitted with a Landi Renzo conversion kit enabling operations on petrol and natural gas. This test rig was used to conduct experiments to obtain the fuel consumption and the corresponding exhaust emission quality. The results obtained were compared with the actual data of NGV taxi fitted with Tartarini conversion kit for validation purpose. The findings from this experimental rig are used as a comparison between the use of petrol and natural gas as fuel for vehicles. The results clearly prove that the use of natural gas provides improved exhaust emission at lower cos

EMISSION DUE TO MOTOR GASOLINE FUEL IN RECIPROCATING LYCOMING O-320 ENGINE IN COMPARISON TO AVIATION GASOLINE FUEL

Piston-powered aircrafts rely on 100 low lead (100LL) Aviation Gasoline (AVGAS) for safe operation. AVGAS has high levels of Tetraethyl Lead (TEL). TEL is an additive which is added in aviation fuels to assist in anti-knocking. The main reason for continuation of TEL as an additive in AVGAS is because aircraft engines are prone to engines knock when operate at higher power settings and temperatures. TetraEthyl Lead (TEL) or Plumbum (Pb), which is the additive of AVGAS, for octane boosting and valve recession avoidance, can cause serious health impacts. One of the possible technique to eliminate the effect of Pb emissions caused by general aviation was to make unleaded Motor Gasoline (MOGAS) accessible as another option to leaded AVGAS for the use in reciprocating aviation engines. The unleaded MOGAS has relatively lower octane rating compared to leaded AVGAS. Due to knocking and engine parameter performance, utilization of a fuel with too low of an octane rating is a risk. Besides, numerous gasses are produced as by product of combustion as a result of emission from aviation engines. In this study, a full scale engine emission due to locally available unleaded MOGAS fuels are determined and compared to the typical leaded AVGAS used. This ground level emission tests are performed by evaluating different fuels on emissions from a full scale Lycoming O-320-B2A reciprocating engine. The fuels to be tested in this study are 100 LL AVGAS, RON100 MOGAS, RON97 MOGAS, and RON95 MOGAS. Each of this fuel is tested at a time in Lycoming O-320-B2A reciprocating engine and the data for emission of of exhaust gases CO, NOx and HC, were measured by an emission analyser (EMS 5002) and recorded. Although the emission of both AVGAS and MOGAS are moreover the same it is expected that that MOGAS burns cleanly and minimal combustion chamber deposits are produced in the engine

Emergency management: implementing a whole community approach

Emergency indicates unfortunate reminders of the susceptibility of communities. Emergency affects communities and individuals, disrupts the functions of social, technical structures and the economy, and suggests ways to change emergency management procedures. Efficient emergency management, however, focuses on implementing the emergency planning at all levels of the government and non-government sector, including individuals and community organisations. Therefore, the whole community approach to emergency management includes the government, communities and individuals at all levels, while responding to emergencies. The contents of this study propose a strategic framework for most leading emergency management communities, even whole community concepts into their everyday activities. The goals of this analysis are to evaluate the entire group response to emergency management for improved emergency management outcomes. Meanwhile, the objective of this study is to assess the whole community approach in managing emergencies and the community achieving better results in emergency management. The mixed-method approach is adopted for the data collection. This literature review has identified three principles of the whole community approach: Recognising and addressing the actual needs of the whole community, integrating and supporting all members of the community, and improving what works best in daily communities. In addition, these principles complement the approaches that provide a starting point for those who are learning about the whole community and an effective framework for emergency management

Concerns over use of leaded aviation gasoline (AVGAS) fuel

Tetraethyl Lead (TEL) is an added substance in 100 Low Lead (100LL) (AVGAS) to help in detonation as detonation creates very high pressures inside the engine which can easily cause engine shutdown with major damages. Without the added substance of TEL, the octane levels would be too low for AVGAS, and utilisation of a lower octane fuel than required could prompt catastrophic engine failure as they work at higher power settings and temperatures. Friends of the Earth (FOE) documented a ''Petition for Rulemaking Seeking the Regulation of Lead Emissions from General Aviation Aircraft Under Clean Air Act" to make a finding that lead emissions from general aviation is harmful to the nature and human being. FOE suggested a proposed emission standard for lead from general aviation (GA) aircraft under the Clean Air Act (CAA). Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), United States of America (USA) believes that insufficient information exists to make such a finding. EPA USA insists to commence a study and investigation of the health and environmental impacts of lead emissions from GA aircraft, including impacts to humans, animals and ecosystems under the CAA and issue a public report on the findings of the study and investigation. EPA in 2008, decreased the level of the primary National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for lead from 1.5 µg/m3 to 0.15 µg/m3 in order to provide increased protection for children and other at-risk populations against an array of adverse health effects, most notably neurological effects in children, including neurocognitive and neurobehavioral effects. Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA) William J. Hughes Technical Center tested 245 fuels overseen by the Coordinating Research Council (CRC) with 45 of the most promising blends were examined more closely in full-scale engine testing. None of the fuels could satisfy all the performance requirements of AVGAS 100LL for safe and reliable operations without further polluting the environment. In this study, a comprehensive review will be conducted to analyse serious concerns raised by the lead emissions caused by the GA aircrafts using AVGAS 100LL as the fuel. Concerns of EDB exposure, TEL exposure, health issues, at-risk populations and life stages, terrestrial eco-system issues, aquatic eco-system issues, societal and economic impacts, operational safety issues, inadequate lead emissions inventory and limited data on lead monitoring. The findings of this review suggest the seriousness of finding an unleaded alternative fuel for environmental sustainability with the fact that lead emissions should also be given equal concentration with proper studies and findings to help in the elimination efforts as per serious concerns given to emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen and other particulates emissions in aviation

A new technique to predict the fractures DIP using artificial neural networks and image logs data

Fractures provide the place for oil and gas to be reserved and they also can provide the pathway for them to move into the well, so having a proper knowledge of them is essential and every year the companies try to improve the existed softwares in this technology. In this work, the new technique is introduced to be added as a new application to the existed softwares such as Petrel and geoframe softwares. The data used in this work are image logs and the other geological logs data of tree wells located in Gachsaran field, wells number GS-A, GS-B and GS-C. The new technique by using the feed-forward artificial neural networks (ANN) with back-propagation learning rule can predict the fracture dip data of the third well using the data from the other 2 wells. The result obtained showed that the ANN model can simulate the relationship between fractures dips in these 3 wells which the multiple R of training and test sets for the ANN model is 0.95099 and 0.912197, respectively

Estimated relative permittivity of contaminated laterite soil: An empirical model for GPR waves

Estimated relative permittivity performed on soil is essential for forecasting the performance of Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) in an in-depth manner. This study investigated and verified the empirical relationship model between relative permittivity and volumetric water content in soil to predict the relative permittivity of contaminated laterite soil. In this study, a 24-hour measurement involving 800 MHz shielded antenna GPR was carried out in a concrete simulation field tank filled with Terap Red soil (1.5 m x 2.6 m x 1.5 m) at UiTM Perlis, Malaysia. Embedded moisture content probe was simultaneously measured to monitor the response of volumetric water content in contaminated soil in order to formulate an empirical relationship between relative permittivity and moisture content. The GPR data were pre-processed and filtered with Reflexw 7.5, while regression analysis was performed to evaluate the empirical relationship model. The model outcomes were retrieved from a number of cross-validation schemes, including correlation analysis (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and calibrated Agilent Technologies Automated Vector Analyser (VNA). A third-order polynomial for analysis of variance (ANOVA) best fitted the model with positively strong correlation (R2=0.989, N=24, P < 0.01) and RMSE 0.003< RMSEpredicted < 0.19. Verification of the proposed model using calibrated VNA displayed exceptional agreement between 0.06% comparisons

Fracture modeling in oil and gas reservoirs using image logs data and petrel software

The purpose of modelling the fractures is to create simulation properties with the power to predict the reservoir behaviour. Petrel software is one of the best softwares in the market that can do this task very well, but there is no available educational paper for every researcher. Therefore, in this work, a fracture modelling job was done in one of the most important Iranian fields using Petrel software and image log data. The purpose of this work was to determine the new information of the fractures in Gachsaran field and also to prepare a valuable educational paper for other researchers who are interested to learn about the fracture modelling. This work revealed that in this field, the longitudinal fractures had been parallel to minimum stress (Zagros trend), fracture intensity was the nearest to the major fault and northern flank, fracture porosity was 0-7%, fracture permeability was 0-6000 MD, and more valuable information is provided in this paper

Acid Hydrolysis and Optimization Techniques for Nanoparticles Preparation: Current Review

Nanostarch is unique in that it is highly soluble, thermally stable, non-toxic and inex�pensive. Hence, it is utilized in numerous well-established applications, including drug delivery, cosmetics, textiles, foods, and enhanced oil recovery (EOR). These applications take advantage of the special functions that can be achieved through modifcations to the structure and properties of native starch. The most common method for the preparation of nanostarch with a relatively higher crystallinity and stability is acid hydrolysis. Technically, the properties of nanostarch are highly dependent on several factors during the hydrolysis process, such as the acid, concentration of acid, reaction time, reaction temperature, and source of starch. The production of nanostarch with desired properties requires a detailed understanding on each of the factors as they are inevitably afected the physical and chemi�cal properties of nanostarch. Hence, it is vital to incorporate optimization technique into the production process to achieve the full potential of nanostarch. Therefore, the current review comprehensively elaborates on the factors that afect acid hydrolysis as well as the optimization techniques used in the preparation of nanostarch

The chemistry insight: epoxy sealant as an alternative remedial operation for well integrity

Epoxy resin is commonly used in the oil and gas industry due to its excellent toughness, low shrinkage, good adhesive strength, and relatively good thermal resistance. It is used for water shutoff, zonal isolation, cementing, enhanced oil recovery, and preventing leakage in wells. This paper reviews the chemistry aspect of using an epoxy resin system as a sealant to prevent well leakage and it offers insights into the chemistry of the epoxy resin system, as applied in previous studies. The paper also unveils the reasons for the application of this system from the chemistry perspective, allowing this aspect to be better understood. Success in the investigated cases depended on the formulation design. The epoxide and hydroxyl func�tional groups have been found to contribute substantially to the excellent performance of the sealant system. Furthermore, the amine curing agent triggers the abrupt reaction of the oxirane ring to stabilise when the cured sealant is perfectly applied. Based on the findings, it is suggested that other types of epoxies, namely epoxidised oils, require further study. Finally, in terms of safety an

Computational fluid dynamics analysis of an injection mixer for CNG engines simulation

The poor mixing in gaseous injection mixers is one of the culprits for unsatisfactory engine performance and lethal exhaust emissions. Thus, effect of injection frequency on the mixing in Throttle Body Injection Mixer (TBIM) for a CNG motorcycle was studied in this work through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulation. Injection frequencies of 1, 2, 4, 5 and 7 injections per engine cycle had been investigated using the RNG κ−ε turbulent model. CFD results revealed a significant effect of various injection frequencies on the hydrodynamics of air and fuel in TBIM. It was found that the injection frequency of 4 injections per engine cycle was the most optimum one throughout the case studies